| Surfer 2 — WebVoyager SOTA (97.1%) |
StateStore + Verifier + plannerModel — persistent context, validator-based completion gate, orchestrator planning |
| Magnitude — WebVoyager (93.9%) |
ActionCache + prompt caching + tier-1 screenshot compression — deterministic caching, observation masking, latency reduction |
| CATTS — Confidence-Aware Test-Time Scaling (2026) |
ConfidenceGate — multi-sample on hard steps, skip extra compute on easy ones |
| BacktrackAgent — Error Detection + Backtracking (EMNLP 2025) |
ActionVerifier — heuristic post-action checks (click target, input focus, goto host) |
| Tree Search with Browser Snapshots (ICLR 2025, CMU) |
CheckpointManager — save CDP state every N steps, backtrack on level 8+ stuck |
| ColorBrowserAgent — Adaptive Knowledge Base (2026) |
SiteKB — domain-specific navigation rules injected into prompts |
| Agent Workflow Memory (ICML 2025) arXiv 2409.07429 |
WorkflowMemory — reusable multi-step routines from successful runs |
| AgentFold — Proactive Context Folding (Alibaba 2025) arXiv 2510.24699 |
fold action — agent-controlled context compression for completed sub-tasks |
| OpenCUA — Three-Level Reasoning (COLM 2025) arXiv 2508.09123 |
Structured reasoning prompts — THINK FIRST, CHECKPOINT PROGRESS every 3-5 steps |
| TTI — Test-Time Interaction Scaling (NeurIPS 2025) |
Action-biased prompts — "ACT DECISIVELY", favor exploration over long reasoning chains |
| Reflexion — Verbal Self-Reflection (NeurIPS 2023) arXiv 2303.11366 |
Retry with judge feedback — structured reflection injected on retry attempts |
| FormFactory — Form-Filling Benchmark (2025) |
Form-specific prompt rules — fill one field at a time, verify after each, use URL params as fallback |
| Agent Q — Best-of-N Sampling (ICLR 2025) arXiv 2408.07199 |
Informed confidence gate design — scoring vs agreement voting tradeoffs |
| SeeAct — Hybrid Vision+DOM Grounding (ICML 2024) arXiv 2401.01614 |
Validated vision-first design — pure vision grounding identified as main bottleneck |
| BrowserAgent — Human-Inspired Browsing (TMLR 2025) |
writeState persistent memory — explicit cross-page information retention |
| DigiRL — VLM-Based Progress Evaluation (NeurIPS 2024) arXiv 2406.11896 |
Informed RepeatDetector design — progress evaluation beyond pattern matching |
| WAC — World-Model-Augmented Action Correction (2026) |
Informed ModelVerifier — predict expected outcome, compare with actual |
| Agent-E — Hierarchical Planner-Executor (2024) arXiv 2407.13032 |
delegate action — hand off sub-tasks to a child loop |
| Illusion of Progress (2025) |
Eval methodology — test across diverse sites, not just benchmark-specific tuning |