# Copyright (C) 2008, 2009 Michael Trier (mtrier@gmail.com) and contributors

#

# This module is part of GitPython and is released under the

# 3-Clause BSD License: https://opensource.org/license/bsd-3-clause/

__all__ = ["Commit"]

from collections import defaultdict

import datetime

from io import BytesIO

import logging

import os

import re

from subprocess import Popen, PIPE

import sys

from time import altzone, daylight, localtime, time, timezone

import warnings

from gitdb import IStream

from git.cmd import Git

from git.diff import Diffable

from git.util import Actor, Stats, finalize_process, hex_to_bin

from . import base

from .tree import Tree

from .util import (

Serializable,

TraversableIterableObj,

altz_to_utctz_str,

from_timestamp,

parse_actor_and_date,

parse_date,

)

# typing ------------------------------------------------------------------

from typing import (

Any,

Dict,

IO,

Iterator,

List,

Sequence,

Tuple,

TYPE_CHECKING,

Union,

cast,

)

if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):

from typing import Literal

else:

from typing_extensions import Literal

from git.types import PathLike

if TYPE_CHECKING:

from git.refs import SymbolicReference

from git.repo import Repo

# ------------------------------------------------------------------------

_logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

class Commit(base.Object, TraversableIterableObj, Diffable, Serializable):

"""Wraps a git commit object.

See :manpage:`gitglossary(7)` on "commit object":

https://git-scm.com/docs/gitglossary#def_commit_object

:note:

This class will act lazily on some of its attributes and will query the value on

demand only if it involves calling the git binary.

"""

# ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

# Read when creating new commits.

env_author_date = "GIT_AUTHOR_DATE"

env_committer_date = "GIT_COMMITTER_DATE"

# CONFIGURATION KEYS

conf_encoding = "i18n.commitencoding"

# INVARIANTS

default_encoding = "UTF-8"

type: Literal["commit"] = "commit"

__slots__ = (

"tree",

"author",

"authored_date",

"author_tz_offset",

"committer",

"committed_date",

"committer_tz_offset",

"message",

"parents",

"encoding",

"gpgsig",

)

_id_attribute_ = "hexsha"

parents: Sequence["Commit"]

def __init__(

self,

repo: "Repo",

binsha: bytes,

tree: Union[Tree, None] = None,

author: Union[Actor, None] = None,

authored_date: Union[int, None] = None,

author_tz_offset: Union[None, float] = None,

committer: Union[Actor, None] = None,

committed_date: Union[int, None] = None,

committer_tz_offset: Union[None, float] = None,

message: Union[str, bytes, None] = None,

parents: Union[Sequence["Commit"], None] = None,

encoding: Union[str, None] = None,

gpgsig: Union[str, None] = None,

) -> None:

"""Instantiate a new :class:`Commit`. All keyword arguments taking ``None`` as

default will be implicitly set on first query.

:param binsha:

20 byte sha1.

:param tree:

A :class:`~git.objects.tree.Tree` object.

:param author:

The author :class:`~git.util.Actor` object.

:param authored_date: int_seconds_since_epoch

The authored DateTime - use :func:`time.gmtime` to convert it into a

different format.

:param author_tz_offset: int_seconds_west_of_utc

The timezone that the `authored_date` is in.

:param committer:

The committer string, as an :class:`~git.util.Actor` object.

:param committed_date: int_seconds_since_epoch

The committed DateTime - use :func:`time.gmtime` to convert it into a

different format.

:param committer_tz_offset: int_seconds_west_of_utc

The timezone that the `committed_date` is in.

:param message: string

The commit message.

:param encoding: string

Encoding of the message, defaults to UTF-8.

:param parents:

List or tuple of :class:`Commit` objects which are our parent(s) in the

commit dependency graph.

:return:

:class:`Commit`

:note:

Timezone information is in the same format and in the same sign as what

:func:`time.altzone` returns. The sign is inverted compared to git's UTC

timezone.

"""

super().__init__(repo, binsha)

self.binsha = binsha

if tree is not None:

assert isinstance(tree, Tree), "Tree needs to be a Tree instance, was %s" % type(tree)

if tree is not None:

self.tree = tree

if author is not None:

self.author = author

if authored_date is not None:

self.authored_date = authored_date

if author_tz_offset is not None:

self.author_tz_offset = author_tz_offset

if committer is not None:

self.committer = committer

if committed_date is not None:

self.committed_date = committed_date

if committer_tz_offset is not None:

self.committer_tz_offset = committer_tz_offset

if message is not None:

self.message = message

if parents is not None:

self.parents = parents

if encoding is not None:

self.encoding = encoding

if gpgsig is not None:

self.gpgsig = gpgsig

@classmethod

def _get_intermediate_items(cls, commit: "Commit") -> Tuple["Commit", ...]:

return tuple(commit.parents)

@classmethod

def _calculate_sha_(cls, repo: "Repo", commit: "Commit") -> bytes:

"""Calculate the sha of a commit.

:param repo:

:class:`~git.repo.base.Repo` object the commit should be part of.

:param commit:

:class:`Commit` object for which to generate the sha.

"""

stream = BytesIO()

commit._serialize(stream)

streamlen = stream.tell()

stream.seek(0)

istream = repo.odb.store(IStream(cls.type, streamlen, stream))

return istream.binsha

def replace(self, **kwargs: Any) -> "Commit":

"""Create new commit object from an existing commit object.

Any values provided as keyword arguments will replace the corresponding

attribute in the new object.

"""

attrs = {k: getattr(self, k) for k in self.__slots__}

for attrname in kwargs:

if attrname not in self.__slots__:

raise ValueError("invalid attribute name")

attrs.update(kwargs)

new_commit = self.__class__(self.repo, self.NULL_BIN_SHA, **attrs)

new_commit.binsha = self._calculate_sha_(self.repo, new_commit)

return new_commit

def _set_cache_(self, attr: str) -> None:

if attr in Commit.__slots__:

# Read the data in a chunk, its faster - then provide a file wrapper.

_binsha, _typename, self.size, stream = self.repo.odb.stream(self.binsha)

self._deserialize(BytesIO(stream.read()))

else:

super()._set_cache_(attr)

# END handle attrs

@property

def authored_datetime(self) -> datetime.datetime:

return from_timestamp(self.authored_date, self.author_tz_offset)

@property

def committed_datetime(self) -> datetime.datetime:

return from_timestamp(self.committed_date, self.committer_tz_offset)

@property

def summary(self) -> Union[str, bytes]:

""":return: First line of the commit message"""

if isinstance(self.message, str):

return self.message.split("\n", 1)[0]

else:

return self.message.split(b"\n", 1)[0]

def count(self, paths: Union[PathLike, Sequence[PathLike]] = "", **kwargs: Any) -> int:

"""Count the number of commits reachable from this commit.

:param paths:

An optional path or a list of paths restricting the return value to commits

actually containing the paths.

:param kwargs:

Additional options to be passed to :manpage:`git-rev-list(1)`. They must not

alter the output style of the command, or parsing will yield incorrect

results.

:return:

An int defining the number of reachable commits

"""

# Yes, it makes a difference whether empty paths are given or not in our case as

# the empty paths version will ignore merge commits for some reason.

if paths:

return len(self.repo.git.rev_list(self.hexsha, "--", paths, **kwargs).splitlines())

return len(self.repo.git.rev_list(self.hexsha, **kwargs).splitlines())

@property

def name_rev(self) -> str:

"""

:return:

String describing the commits hex sha based on the closest

:class:`~git.refs.reference.Reference`.

:note:

Mostly useful for UI purposes.

"""

return self.repo.git.name_rev(self)

@classmethod

def iter_items(

cls,

repo: "Repo",

rev: Union[str, "Commit", "SymbolicReference"],

paths: Union[PathLike, Sequence[PathLike]] = "",

**kwargs: Any,

) -> Iterator["Commit"]:

R"""Find all commits matching the given criteria.

:param repo:

The :class:`~git.repo.base.Repo`.

:param rev:

Revision specifier. See :manpage:`git-rev-parse(1)` for viable options.

:param paths:

An optional path or list of paths. If set only :class:`Commit`\s that

include the path or paths will be considered.

:param kwargs:

Optional keyword arguments to :manpage:`git-rev-list(1)` where:

* ``max_count`` is the maximum number of commits to fetch.

* ``skip`` is the number of commits to skip.

* ``since`` selects all commits since some date, e.g. ``"1970-01-01"``.

:return:

Iterator yielding :class:`Commit` items.

"""

if "pretty" in kwargs:

raise ValueError("--pretty cannot be used as parsing expects single sha's only")

# END handle pretty

# Use -- in all cases, to prevent possibility of ambiguous arguments.

# See https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython/issues/264.

args_list: List[PathLike] = ["--"]

if paths:

paths_tup: Tuple[PathLike, ...]

if isinstance(paths, (str, os.PathLike)):

paths_tup = (paths,)

else:

paths_tup = tuple(paths)

args_list.extend(paths_tup)

# END if paths

proc = repo.git.rev_list(rev, args_list, as_process=True, **kwargs)

return cls._iter_from_process_or_stream(repo, proc)

def iter_parents(self, paths: Union[PathLike, Sequence[PathLike]] = "", **kwargs: Any) -> Iterator["Commit"]:

R"""Iterate *all* parents of this commit.

:param paths:

Optional path or list of paths limiting the :class:`Commit`\s to those that

contain at least one of the paths.

:param kwargs:

All arguments allowed by :manpage:`git-rev-list(1)`.

:return:

Iterator yielding :class:`Commit` objects which are parents of ``self``

"""

# skip ourselves

skip = kwargs.get("skip", 1)

if skip == 0: # skip ourselves

skip = 1

kwargs["skip"] = skip

return self.iter_items(self.repo, self, paths, **kwargs)

@property

def stats(self) -> Stats:

"""Create a git stat from changes between this commit and its first parent

or from all changes done if this is the very first commit.

:return:

:class:`Stats`

"""

def process_lines(lines: List[str]) -> str:

text = ""

for file_info, line in zip(lines, lines[len(lines) // 2 :]):

change_type = file_info.split("\t")[0][-1]

(insertions, deletions, filename) = line.split("\t")

text += "%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\n" % (change_type, insertions, deletions, filename)

return text

if not self.parents:

lines = self.repo.git.diff_tree(

self.hexsha, "--", numstat=True, no_renames=True, root=True, raw=True

).splitlines()[1:]

text = process_lines(lines)

else:

lines = self.repo.git.diff(

self.parents[0].hexsha, self.hexsha, "--", numstat=True, no_renames=True, raw=True

).splitlines()

text = process_lines(lines)

return Stats._list_from_string(self.repo, text)

@property

def trailers(self) -> Dict[str, str]:

"""Deprecated. Get the trailers of the message as a dictionary.

:note:

This property is deprecated, please use either :attr:`trailers_list` or

:attr:`trailers_dict`.

:return:

Dictionary containing whitespace stripped trailer information.

Only contains the latest instance of each trailer key.

"""

warnings.warn(

"Commit.trailers is deprecated, use Commit.trailers_list or Commit.trailers_dict instead",

DeprecationWarning,

stacklevel=2,

)

return {k: v[0] for k, v in self.trailers_dict.items()}

@property

def trailers_list(self) -> List[Tuple[str, str]]:

"""Get the trailers of the message as a list.

Git messages can contain trailer information that are similar to :rfc:`822`

e-mail headers. See :manpage:`git-interpret-trailers(1)`.

This function calls ``git interpret-trailers --parse`` onto the message to

extract the trailer information, returns the raw trailer data as a list.

Valid message with trailer::

Subject line

some body information

another information

key1: value1.1

key1: value1.2

key2 : value 2 with inner spaces

Returned list will look like this::

[

("key1", "value1.1"),

("key1", "value1.2"),

("key2", "value 2 with inner spaces"),

]

:return:

List containing key-value tuples of whitespace stripped trailer information.

"""

trailer = self._interpret_trailers(self.repo, self.message, ["--parse"], encoding=self.encoding).strip()

if not trailer:

return []

trailer_list = []

for t in trailer.split("\n"):

key, val = t.split(":", 1)

trailer_list.append((key.strip(), val.strip()))

return trailer_list

@classmethod

def _interpret_trailers(

cls,

repo: "Repo",

message: Union[str, bytes],

trailer_args: Sequence[str],

encoding: str = default_encoding,

) -> str:

message_bytes = message if isinstance(message, bytes) else message.encode(encoding, errors="strict")

cmd = [repo.git.GIT_PYTHON_GIT_EXECUTABLE, "interpret-trailers", *trailer_args]

proc: Git.AutoInterrupt = repo.git.execute( # type: ignore[call-overload]

cmd,

as_process=True,

istream=PIPE,

)

try:

stdout_bytes, _ = proc.communicate(message_bytes)

return stdout_bytes.decode(encoding, errors="strict")

finally:

finalize_process(proc)

@property

def trailers_dict(self) -> Dict[str, List[str]]:

"""Get the trailers of the message as a dictionary.

Git messages can contain trailer information that are similar to :rfc:`822`

e-mail headers. See :manpage:`git-interpret-trailers(1)`.

This function calls ``git interpret-trailers --parse`` onto the message to

extract the trailer information. The key value pairs are stripped of leading and

trailing whitespaces before they get saved into a dictionary.

Valid message with trailer::

Subject line

some body information

another information

key1: value1.1

key1: value1.2

key2 : value 2 with inner spaces

Returned dictionary will look like this::

{

"key1": ["value1.1", "value1.2"],

"key2": ["value 2 with inner spaces"],

}

:return:

Dictionary containing whitespace stripped trailer information, mapping

trailer keys to a list of their corresponding values.

"""

d = defaultdict(list)

for key, val in self.trailers_list:

d[key].append(val)

return dict(d)

@classmethod

def _iter_from_process_or_stream(cls, repo: "Repo", proc_or_stream: Union[Popen, IO]) -> Iterator["Commit"]:

"""Parse out commit information into a list of :class:`Commit` objects.

We expect one line per commit, and parse the actual commit information directly

from our lighting fast object database.

:param proc:

:manpage:`git-rev-list(1)` process instance - one sha per line.

:return:

Iterator supplying :class:`Commit` objects

"""

# def is_proc(inp) -> TypeGuard[Popen]:

# return hasattr(proc_or_stream, 'wait') and not hasattr(proc_or_stream, 'readline')

# def is_stream(inp) -> TypeGuard[IO]:

# return hasattr(proc_or_stream, 'readline')

if hasattr(proc_or_stream, "wait"):

proc_or_stream = cast(Popen, proc_or_stream)

if proc_or_stream.stdout is not None:

stream = proc_or_stream.stdout

elif hasattr(proc_or_stream, "readline"):

proc_or_stream = cast(IO, proc_or_stream) # type: ignore[redundant-cast]

stream = proc_or_stream

readline = stream.readline

while True:

line = readline()

if not line:

break

hexsha = line.strip()

if len(hexsha) > 40:

# Split additional information, as returned by bisect for instance.

hexsha, _ = line.split(None, 1)

# END handle extra info

assert len(hexsha) == 40, "Invalid line: %s" % hexsha

yield cls(repo, hex_to_bin(hexsha))

# END for each line in stream

# TODO: Review this - it seems process handling got a bit out of control due to

# many developers trying to fix the open file handles issue.

if hasattr(proc_or_stream, "wait"):

proc_or_stream = cast(Popen, proc_or_stream)

finalize_process(proc_or_stream)

@classmethod

def create_from_tree(

cls,

repo: "Repo",

tree: Union[Tree, str],

message: str,

parent_commits: Union[None, List["Commit"]] = None,

head: bool = False,

author: Union[None, Actor] = None,

committer: Union[None, Actor] = None,

author_date: Union[None, str, datetime.datetime] = None,

commit_date: Union[None, str, datetime.datetime] = None,

trailers: Union[None, Dict[str, str], List[Tuple[str, str]]] = None,

) -> "Commit":

"""Commit the given tree, creating a :class:`Commit` object.

:param repo:

:class:`~git.repo.base.Repo` object the commit should be part of.

:param tree:

:class:`~git.objects.tree.Tree` object or hex or bin sha.

The tree of the new commit.

:param message:

Commit message. It may be an empty string if no message is provided. It will

be converted to a string, in any case.

:param parent_commits:

Optional :class:`Commit` objects to use as parents for the new commit. If

empty list, the commit will have no parents at all and become a root commit.

If ``None``, the current head commit will be the parent of the new commit

object.

:param head:

If ``True``, the HEAD will be advanced to the new commit automatically.

Otherwise the HEAD will remain pointing on the previous commit. This could

lead to undesired results when diffing files.

:param author:

The name of the author, optional.

If unset, the repository configuration is used to obtain this value.

:param committer:

The name of the committer, optional.

If unset, the repository configuration is used to obtain this value.

:param author_date:

The timestamp for the author field.

:param commit_date:

The timestamp for the committer field.

:param trailers:

Optional trailer key-value pairs to append to the commit message.

Can be a dictionary mapping trailer keys to values, or a list of

``(key, value)`` tuples (useful when the same key appears multiple

times, e.g. multiple ``Signed-off-by`` trailers). Trailers are

appended using ``git interpret-trailers``.

See :manpage:`git-interpret-trailers(1)`.

:return:

:class:`Commit` object representing the new commit.

:note:

Additional information about the committer and author are taken from the

environment or from the git configuration. See :manpage:`git-commit-tree(1)`

for more information.

"""

if parent_commits is None:

try:

parent_commits = [repo.head.commit]

except ValueError:

# Empty repositories have no head commit.

parent_commits = []

# END handle parent commits

else:

for p in parent_commits:

if not isinstance(p, cls):

raise ValueError(f"Parent commit '{p!r}' must be of type {cls}")

# END check parent commit types

# END if parent commits are unset

# Retrieve all additional information, create a commit object, and serialize it.

# Generally:

# * Environment variables override configuration values.

# * Sensible defaults are set according to the git documentation.

# COMMITTER AND AUTHOR INFO

cr = repo.config_reader()

env = os.environ

committer = committer or Actor.committer(cr)

author = author or Actor.author(cr)

# PARSE THE DATES

unix_time = int(time())

is_dst = daylight and localtime().tm_isdst > 0

offset = altzone if is_dst else timezone

author_date_str = env.get(cls.env_author_date, "")

if author_date:

author_time, author_offset = parse_date(author_date)

elif author_date_str:

author_time, author_offset = parse_date(author_date_str)

else:

author_time, author_offset = unix_time, offset

# END set author time

committer_date_str = env.get(cls.env_committer_date, "")

if commit_date:

committer_time, committer_offset = parse_date(commit_date)

elif committer_date_str:

committer_time, committer_offset = parse_date(committer_date_str)

else:

committer_time, committer_offset = unix_time, offset

# END set committer time

# Assume UTF-8 encoding.

enc_section, enc_option = cls.conf_encoding.split(".")

conf_encoding = cr.get_value(enc_section, enc_option, cls.default_encoding)

if not isinstance(conf_encoding, str):

raise TypeError("conf_encoding could not be coerced to str")

# If the tree is no object, make sure we create one - otherwise the created

# commit object is invalid.

if isinstance(tree, str):

tree = repo.tree(tree)

# END tree conversion

# APPLY TRAILERS

if trailers:

trailer_args: List[str] = []

if isinstance(trailers, dict):

for key, val in trailers.items():

trailer_args.append("--trailer")

trailer_args.append(f"{key}: {val}")

else:

for key, val in trailers:

trailer_args.append("--trailer")

trailer_args.append(f"{key}: {val}")

message = cls._interpret_trailers(repo, str(message), trailer_args)

# END apply trailers

# CREATE NEW COMMIT

new_commit = cls(

repo,

cls.NULL_BIN_SHA,

tree,

author,

author_time,

author_offset,

committer,

committer_time,

committer_offset,

message,

parent_commits,

conf_encoding,

)

new_commit.binsha = cls._calculate_sha_(repo, new_commit)

if head:

# Need late import here, importing git at the very beginning throws as

# well...

import git.refs

try:

repo.head.set_commit(new_commit, logmsg=message)

except ValueError:

# head is not yet set to the ref our HEAD points to.

# Happens on first commit.

master = git.refs.Head.create(

repo,

repo.head.ref,

new_commit,

logmsg="commit (initial): %s" % message,

)

repo.head.set_reference(master, logmsg="commit: Switching to %s" % master)

# END handle empty repositories

# END advance head handling

return new_commit

# { Serializable Implementation

def _serialize(self, stream: BytesIO) -> "Commit":

write = stream.write

write(("tree %s\n" % self.tree).encode("ascii"))

for p in self.parents:

write(("parent %s\n" % p).encode("ascii"))

a = self.author

aname = a.name

c = self.committer

fmt = "%s %s <%s> %s %s\n"

write(

(

fmt

% (

"author",

aname,

a.email,

self.authored_date,

altz_to_utctz_str(self.author_tz_offset),

)

).encode(self.encoding)

)

# Encode committer.

aname = c.name

write(

(

fmt

% (

"committer",

aname,

c.email,

self.committed_date,

altz_to_utctz_str(self.committer_tz_offset),

)

).encode(self.encoding)

)

if self.encoding != self.default_encoding:

write(("encoding %s\n" % self.encoding).encode("ascii"))

try:

if self.__getattribute__("gpgsig"):

write(b"gpgsig")

for sigline in self.gpgsig.rstrip("\n").split("\n"):

write((" " + sigline + "\n").encode("ascii"))

except AttributeError:

pass

write(b"\n")

# Write plain bytes, be sure its encoded according to our encoding.

if isinstance(self.message, str):

write(self.message.encode(self.encoding))

else:

write(self.message)

# END handle encoding

return self

def _deserialize(self, stream: BytesIO) -> "Commit":

readline = stream.readline

self.tree = Tree(self.repo, hex_to_bin(readline().split()[1]), Tree.tree_id << 12, "")

self.parents = []

next_line = None

while True:

parent_line = readline()

if not parent_line.startswith(b"parent"):

next_line = parent_line

break

# END abort reading parents

self.parents.append(type(self)(self.repo, hex_to_bin(parent_line.split()[-1].decode("ascii"))))

# END for each parent line

self.parents = tuple(self.parents)

# We don't know actual author encoding before we have parsed it, so keep the

# lines around.

author_line = next_line

committer_line = readline()

# We might run into one or more mergetag blocks, skip those for now.

next_line = readline()

while next_line.startswith(b"mergetag "):

next_line = readline()

while next_line.startswith(b" "):

next_line = readline()

# END skip mergetags

# Now we can have the encoding line, or an empty line followed by the optional

# message.

self.encoding = self.default_encoding

self.gpgsig = ""

# Read headers.

enc = next_line

buf = enc.strip()

while buf:

if buf[0:10] == b"encoding ":

self.encoding = buf[buf.find(b" ") + 1 :].decode(self.encoding, "ignore")

elif buf[0:7] == b"gpgsig ":

sig = buf[buf.find(b" ") + 1 :] + b"\n"

is_next_header = False

while True:

sigbuf = readline()

if not sigbuf:

break

if sigbuf[0:1] != b" ":

buf = sigbuf.strip()

is_next_header = True

break

sig += sigbuf[1:]

# END read all signature

self.gpgsig = sig.rstrip(b"\n").decode(self.encoding, "ignore")

if is_next_header:

continue

buf = readline().strip()

# Decode the author's name.

try:

(

self.author,

self.authored_date,

self.author_tz_offset,

) = parse_actor_and_date(author_line.decode(self.encoding, "replace"))

except UnicodeDecodeError:

_logger.error(

"Failed to decode author line '%s' using encoding %s",

author_line,

self.encoding,

exc_info=True,

)

try:

(

self.committer,

self.committed_date,

self.committer_tz_offset,

) = parse_actor_and_date(committer_line.decode(self.encoding, "replace"))

except UnicodeDecodeError:

_logger.error(

"Failed to decode committer line '%s' using encoding %s",

committer_line,

self.encoding,

exc_info=True,

)

# END handle author's encoding

# A stream from our data simply gives us the plain message.

# The end of our message stream is marked with a newline that we strip.

self.message = stream.read()

try:

self.message = self.message.decode(self.encoding, "replace")

except UnicodeDecodeError:

_logger.error(

"Failed to decode message '%s' using encoding %s",

self.message,

self.encoding,

exc_info=True,

)

# END exception handling

return self

# } END serializable implementation

@property

def co_authors(self) -> List[Actor]:

"""Search the commit message for any co-authors of this commit.

Details on co-authors:

https://github.blog/2018-01-29-commit-together-with-co-authors/

:return:

List of co-authors for this commit (as :class:`~git.util.Actor` objects).

"""

co_authors = []

if self.message:

results = re.findall(

r"^Co-authored-by: (.*) <(.*?)>$",

str(self.message),

re.MULTILINE,

)

for author in results:

co_authors.append(Actor(*author))

return co_authors