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<h3>Python Namespace</h3>
<hr>
<h4>Namespace</h4>
<p>
A namespace is a mapping from names to objects. <br>
Most namespaces are currently implemented as Python dictionaries, but that’s normally not noticeable in any way (except for performance), and it may change in the future. <br>
Examples of namespaces are: the set of built-in names (containing functions such as abs(), and built-in exception names); the global names in a module; and the local names in a function invocation. In a sense the set of attributes of an object also form a namespace.<br>
I use the word attribute for any name following a dot — for example, in the expression <b>z.real</b>, real is an attribute of the object z. Strictly speaking, references to names in modules are attribute references: in the expression <b>modname.funcname</b>, modname is a module object and funcname is an attribute of it. <br>
<ol>
<li><h5>Built-in Namespace</h5></li>
<p>When Python interpreter runs solely without and user-defined modules, methods, classes, etc. Some functions like print(), id() are always present, these are built in namespaces.</p>
<li><h5>Global Namespace</h5></li>
<p>The global namespace for a module is created when the module definition is read in; normally, module namespaces also last until the interpreter quits. The statements executed by the top-level invocation of the interpreter, either read from a script file or interactively, are considered part of a module called __main__, so they have their own global namespace. (The built-in names actually also live in a module; this is called builtins.)</p>
<li><h5>Local Namespace</h5></li>
<p>The local namespace for a function is created when the function is called, and deleted when the function returns or raises an exception that is not handled within the function. (Actually, forgetting would be a better way to describe what actually happens.) Of course, recursive invocations each have their own local namespace.</p>
</ol>
<b>Note:</b>The built-in namespace encompasses global namespace and global namespace encompasses local namespace. <br>
<b>Example 1:</b>
<pre><code>
def first_func():
M = 25
def second_func():
N = 36
O = 16
</code></pre>
<p>In the example 1, the variable <b>O</b> is in the global namespace. Variable <b>M</b> is in the local namespace of first_func() and <b>N</b> is in the nested local namespace of second_func().<br>
When we are in second_func(), N is local to us, M is nonlocal and O is global. <br>
<b>Example 2:</b>
<pre><code>
def outer_function():
global M
M= 25
def inner_function():
global M
M = 36
print('a =', M)
inner_function()
print('a =', M)
M = 16
outer_function()
print('a =', M)
</code></pre>
<b>Output:</b>
<pre><code>
a = 36
a = 36
a = 36
</code></pre>
<p>In example 2, we declared <b>M</b> as global, the reference and assignment will go to <b>M</b> and also in this program we declared 3 diffrent variables as <b>M</b>which are defined in their seperate namespace from which they can be accessed further.
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